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Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cavities (ventricles) of the brain. This accumulation can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure, potentially causing damage to brain tissue. Here are some key points about hydrocephalus: Causes: Obstruction of CSF Flow: Most commonly, hydrocephalus occurs when there is an obstruction that prevents the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid. This obstruction can be due to congenital conditions, tumors, infections, or other factors. Impaired CSF Absorption: In some cases, hydrocephalus may result from impaired absorption of CSF by the blood vessels in the brain. Congenital Factors: Hydrocephalus can be present at birth and may be associated with neural tube defects or other congenital conditions. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis, can lead to inflammation and blockage of the pathways through which CSF flows, contributing to hydrocephalus. Hemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain, such as from a stroke or trauma, can cause hydrocephalus. Symptoms: Enlarged Head (in infants): A noticeable increase in head size is a common sign in infants with hydrocephalus. Headache: Increased intracranial pressure can cause headaches. Nausea and Vomiting: Especially in the morning. Vision Problems: Hydrocephalus can affect the optic nerve, leading to visual disturbances. Balance and Coordination Issues: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance. Cognitive Impairment: Memory problems and changes in cognitive function. Diagnosis and Treatment: Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans are often used to visualize the brain and assess the size of the ventricles. Monitoring Intracranial Pressure: In some cases, a pressure-monitoring device may be used to measure intracranial pressure. Surgical Intervention: Treatment often involves the surgical placement of a shunt system. This system diverts excess CSF away from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed. Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV): In some cases, an alternative surgical procedure called ETV may be performed to create a new pathway for CSF drainage. The prognosis for individuals with hydrocephalus can vary depending on the underlying cause, the timing of diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for minimizing potential complications. If you suspect you or someone else may have hydrocephalus, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis by a healthcare professional.